According to Loevinger (1976), early learning and experiences contribute to the formation of the ego. Consequently, avoidance of new opportunities may present, restricting the survivor’s functional capacity, and thereby increasing vulnerability to victimization and often revictimization, as well as impaired adjustment in adulthood (Gold, 2000).Įarly familial experiences shape the way CSA survivors develop and perceive themselves, the world, and others. These deficits contribute to gaps in functional capacities across several domains, including emotional, interpersonal, and instrumental competence. The Contextual Model of trauma posits that survivors of CSA largely have an ineffective family of origin this maladaptive family environment, in conjunction with the effects of the trauma(s), may result in the formation of insecure attachments and deficient skills acquisition (Gold, 2000). Childhood sexual abuse survivors frequently present with ruptures in attachment, myriad mental health stressors, as well as histories of subsequent victimization in adulthood (e.g., Marx, Heidt, & Gold, 2005).
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